When designing around heat pumps with heat recovery capabilities, mechanical engineers must study the balance of heating and cooling loads within the building. Heat pumps need 20% to 30% minimum load on both sides (heating and cooling) to enable heat recovery. This study should also include the availability of waste heat sources (data centers, process equipment, technology equipment rooms, etc.) and heat rejection sources (terminal reheat coil serving zones with high ventilation requirements). Understanding the balance of simultaneous heating and cooling loads will ensure all captured waste heat is effectively utilized.\u003c/p>\u003cp >Air-source heat pumps (ASHP) are a type of heat pump that reject and/or absorb heat from the surrounding ambient air and must be located outdoors. ASHPs can operate in heating-only or cooling-only modes and can be specified to include heat recovery mode, making these types of heat pumps very flexible but also costly. A less costly air-source heat pump can be specified as a two-pipe ASHP where heat recovery mode is not included, but the heat pump can operate to produce either heating water or chilled water depending on its settings.\u003c/p>"},"type":"text","cl":"text p-_Js1xJSc"},{"key":"eBiuE2BMrXf","type":"section","children":["eUW_EPR-Mpn"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"eu4G5HOusTQ","content":{"cont":{"tablet":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1637072881410,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":0.4,"once":true,"translateX":["10%","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutExpo"}}},"desktop":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1637072881410,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":0.4,"once":true,"translateX":["10%","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutExpo"}}},"mobile":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1637072881410,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":0.4,"once":true,"translateX":["10%","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutExpo"}}}}},"type":"w75y8u1c","cl":"w75y8u1c"},{"key":"eJxGCmMCk_c","content":{"src":{"key":"PZ-KK6Yx1t","url":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82/private/KaxzywoIf0Rx41JdO6oEbX8EsUI3/image/PZ-KK6Yx1t.jpg","ratio":1.6571428571428573}},"type":"image","actions":["eu4G5HOusTQ"],"cl":"image"},{"key":"e2C49C-mrJw","content":{"cont":{"tablet":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1612214680286,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":false,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"desktop":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1612214680286,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":false,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"mobile":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1612214680286,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":false,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}}}},"type":"w75y8u1c","cl":"w75y8u1c"},{"key":"e-G0gH7ckOn","type":"rectangle","actions":["e2C49C-mrJw"],"cl":"rectangle"},{"key":"e277_aDIRzj","content":{"text":"\u003cp >\u003cstrong >Figure 4. Illustration of an air-source heat recovery chiller.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>"},"type":"text","cl":"text"},{"key":"e1IA1Pfjdci","type":"section","children":["eJxGCmMCk_c","e-G0gH7ckOn","e277_aDIRzj"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"eU66YVmQWC5","content":{"text":"\u003cp >All ASHPs are subject to fluctuations in ambient air temperature, which can affect their performance. In general, at outside air temperatures less than 40\u003csup >◦\u003c/sup>, ASHPs will experience reduced heating capacity, lower operating efficiencies, and possibly lower heating water temperatures due to the decreased availability of heat in the air. To address this issue, manufacturers have developed advanced technologies, such as defrost cycles and supplemental electric heating, to improve ASHP performance in colder conditions. When designing around ASHPs, mechanical engineers must study how heating capacities and heating water temperatures are derated at colder outside air conditions. This often leads to oversized ASHPs and/or supplemental heating equipment (such as a boiler).\u003c/p>\u003cp >In contrast, water-source heat pumps (WSHP) are designed with heat sources and heat sinks that reject and/or absorb heat from hydronic systems. WSHPs are typically located indoors but can be specified with an enclosure that allows it to be located outdoors. A four-pipe WSHP utilizes two hydronic systems, typically the chilled water and heating water systems, as its heat source and sink. A six-pipe WSHP utilizes three hydronic systems to balance heating and cooling loads. Other hydronic systems that WSHPs could be connected to include domestic hot water systems, geothermal systems, condenser water systems, or other types of hydronic systems that are designed to capture and transfer heat energy.\u003c/p>"},"type":"text","cl":"text p-_Js1xJSc"},{"key":"e56N5SqpviH","type":"section","children":["eU66YVmQWC5"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"etaOovJCt5M","content":{"cont":{"tablet":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1637072881410,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":0.4,"once":true,"translateX":["10%","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutExpo"}}},"desktop":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1637072881410,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":0.4,"once":true,"translateX":["10%","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutExpo"}}},"mobile":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1637072881410,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":0.4,"once":true,"translateX":["10%","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutExpo"}}}}},"type":"w75y8u1c","cl":"w75y8u1c"},{"key":"ejmP4eDEJNF","content":{"src":{"key":"JNyb6wAgeu","url":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82/private/KaxzywoIf0Rx41JdO6oEbX8EsUI3/image/JNyb6wAgeu.jpg","ratio":1.3417190775681342}},"type":"image","actions":["etaOovJCt5M"],"cl":"image"},{"key":"exjvlbYVsyy","content":{"cont":{"tablet":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1612214680286,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":false,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"desktop":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1612214680286,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":false,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"mobile":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1612214680286,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":false,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}}}},"type":"w75y8u1c","cl":"w75y8u1c"},{"key":"eR9Sv3qsOQe","type":"rectangle","actions":["exjvlbYVsyy"],"cl":"rectangle"},{"key":"eZMS7HDqgzm","content":{"text":"\u003cp >\u003cstrong >Figure 5: Illustration of an air-source heat recovery chiller.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>"},"type":"text","cl":"text"},{"key":"e6QFHL6fO6i","type":"section","children":["ejmP4eDEJNF","eR9Sv3qsOQe","eZMS7HDqgzm"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"e9MFCxxi6uP","content":{"text":"\u003ch2 >Working in Combination\u003c/h2>\u003cp >Often, the most suitable option for designing an efficient and cost-effective hydronic building heating system involves some combination of multiple system types. For example, for a health care clinic in the Pacific Northwest, a three-mode ASHP (cooling-only, heating-only, and heat recovery modes) with air-cooled chillers and a natural gas boiler was included in the initial design. The chillers and boiler were sized to handle peak heating and cooling loads beyond what the ASHP could handle during periods with simultaneous heating and cooling loads. After cost feedback, the design was modified to provide a two-mode (cooling-only and heat recovery) ASHP. It was acceptable to the design team to remove the heating-only mode of the ASHP, knowing that the natural gas boiler could serve all peak heating loads.\u003c/p>\u003cp >For a government laboratory building in the Pacific Northwest, the design included a six-pipe WSHP, connected a geothermal hydronic system, and a two-mode ASHP (heating-only and cooling-only modes). The control sequences state that the cooling-only mode of the ASHP provides trim cooling capacity to the building during peak cooling loads. In addition, the heating-only mode of the ASHP provides trim heating capacity during non-peak heat loads. The mechanical system is designed such that the heating-only mode of the ASHP only needs to operate at outside air temperatures that optimize its performance.\u003c/p>\u003cp >For a high-rise laboratory building in the Pacific Northwest, multiple four-pipe WSHPs, multiple two-pipe ASHPs, and an electric boiler are provided to meet local electrification code requirements. The four-pipe WSHPs are limited to one mode (heat recovery) but are connected to hydronic coils in the exhaust AHUs that allow the hydronic system to absorb or reject heat in the building’s exhaust airstreams depending on the valve position at these hydronic coils. The “two-pipe ASHPs provide additional heating and cooling capacity during peak loads. The electric boiler is only engaged during peak heating loads and when the ASHPs are cycling through their defrost cycles. To provide further design mitigation with the defrost cycles of the ASHPs, the hydronic system is also designed to operate with lower heating water temperatures (113\u003csup >◦\u003c/sup> ) than what is typically provided in other systems.\u003c/p>\u003cp >Hydronic heating system design is also a balance between efficiency and resiliency. For a lab building that is located where sporadically low temperature snow weather may occur, it was designed with a higher entering water temperature for a condensing boiler due to concerns with resiliency during low-temperature winters. To balance the resiliency with energy efficiency, the control sequence of the boiler integrated a temperature reset sequence so that higher entering water temperature will only be activated when outside air temperature is under a certain threshold. \u003c/p>\u003cp >Local climate can also dictate the building heating design options. For a marine science building located in the Southeast’s hurricane-prone region, an air-sourced heat pump is excluded as a viable option, due to hurricane and corrosion concerns for the outdoor equipment. \u003c/p>\u003cp >There are other building heating options beyond the ones discussed in this article, such as campus steam, VRF/heat pumps, zone-level electric resistance, etc. Zone-level electric resistance is preferred to electrical boilers in many cases, due to reduction of pumps and hydronic piping and insulation. However, if the heating system is required to be on emergency power, electric boilers are more stable than zone-level electric resistance. \u003c/p>\u003cp >With electrification goals or requirements becoming more prevalent, serving the building's heating loads present unique challenges for mechanical engineers. The design team must discuss whether a 100% electric building is feasible or whether a mostly electric building is more practical. This question is particularly important when studying a building's peak heating loads. If decarbonization is a goal for the project, one may consider 90% electric heating plus 10% fossil fuel, where the fossil-fuel boiler(s) serve the 10% peak of the load that’s normally present throughout the year. Fossil-fuel boilers may also be considered in an all-electric building if it’s only being used for redundancy and doesn’t operate under normal operating conditions.\u003c/p>\u003ch2 >REFERENCES\u003c/h2>\u003ch4 >\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/file%20library/technical%20resources/ashrae%20journal/2022journaldocuments/jan2022_08-11_letters_january-2022.pdf\">https://www.ashrae.org/file%20library/technical%20resources/ashrae%20journal/2022journaldocuments/jan2022_08-11_letters_january-2022.pdf\u003c/a>\u003c/h4>\u003ch4 >\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/industrial-electric-boiler-market#:~:text=What%20is%20the%20low%20voltage,of%20low%20emission%20heating%20systems\">https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/industrial-electric-boiler-market#:~:text=What%20is%20the%20low%20voltage,of%20low%20emission%20heating%20systems\u003c/a>.\u003c/h4>\u003ch4 >\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/electric-power-and-natural-gas/our-insights/building-decarbonization-how-electric-heat-pumps-could-help-reduce-emissions-today-and-going-forward\">https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/electric-power-and-natural-gas/our-insights/building-decarbonization-how-electric-heat-pumps-could-help-reduce-emissions-today-and-going-forward\u003c/a>\u003c/h4>\u003ch4 >\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.deppmann.com/blog/monday-morning-minutes/top-10-things-you-should-know-about-commercial-electric-boilers-part-2/\">https://www.deppmann.com/blog/monday-morning-minutes/top-10-things-you-should-know-about-commercial-electric-boilers-part-2/\u003c/a>\u003c/h4>\u003ch4 >\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.csemag.com/articles/getting-boiler-design-right/\">https://www.csemag.com/articles/getting-boiler-design-right/\u003c/a>\u003c/h4>\u003ch4 >Haddadin, Jacob. "Introduction to boilers for the entry-level engineer: Entry-level consulting engineers should understand the definition and applications of a commercial hydronic boiler." Consulting Specifying Engineer, vol. 56, no. 8, Sept. 2019, pp. 44+. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A609500335/AONE?u=nysl_me_cu&sid=googleScholar&xid=84e9078b. Accessed 8 Dec. 2022.\u003c/h4>\u003ch4 >\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.greenbiz.com/article/what-electric-boilers-tell-us-about-electrifying-everything\">https://www.greenbiz.com/article/what-electric-boilers-tell-us-about-electrifying-everything\u003c/a>\u003c/h4>\u003ch4 >https://www.pmengineer.com/articles/87948-back-to-basics-venting-for-gas-fired-boilers\u003c/h4>"},"type":"text","cl":"text p-_Js1xJSc"},{"key":"ea5EiiSrqXB","type":"section","children":["e9MFCxxi6uP"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"eNb8kr6epqm","content":{"src":{"key":"jq94RK9mbT","url":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=1920/private/KaxzywoIf0Rx41JdO6oEbX8EsUI3/image/jq94RK9mbT.jpg","ratio":0.6666666666666666}},"type":"image","cl":"image"},{"key":"er1A6B6QLsi","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >\u003cstrong >Melody Wang\u003cbr />\u003c/strong>A member of Affiliated Engineers Inc.’s office in Gainesville, Florida, Melody Wang focuses on sustainable and innovative mechanical designs for higher education and research development clients. She has several chilled beam projects in design, construction, and operation and has successfully conducted energy models for those buildings to achieve sustainability ratings. \u003c/h4>"},"type":"text","cl":"text p-_Js1xJSc"},{"key":"eMu4xNhZGfx","content":{"cont":{"tablet":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1608217389567,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":1,"delay":0.3,"once":true,"translateY":["6%","0"],"preset":"slide","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"desktop":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1608217389567,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":1,"delay":0.3,"once":true,"translateY":["6%","0"],"preset":"slide","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"mobile":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1608217389567,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":1,"delay":0.3,"once":true,"translateY":["6%","0"],"preset":"slide","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}}}},"type":"w75y8u1c","cl":"w75y8u1c"},{"key":"e9AonUD_7t6","type":"section","actions":["eMu4xNhZGfx"],"children":["eNb8kr6epqm","er1A6B6QLsi"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"evkuhshZmc4","content":{"src":{"key":"0iOTmOFmNt","url":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82/private/KaxzywoIf0Rx41JdO6oEbX8EsUI3/image/0iOTmOFmNt.jpg","ratio":1}},"type":"image","cl":"image"},{"key":"e6XCMDKyIAn","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >\u003cstrong >Jessica Mangler\u003cbr />\u003c/strong>Jessica Mangler works in Affiliated Engineers Inc.’s Seattle office, providing 13-plus years of experience in mechanical systems design. She has led the mechanical designs of multiple chilled beam projects in higher education, research/teaching labs, and health care facilities. Most recently, Mangler’s projects have focused on using the unique decoupled cooling abilities of chilled beam technology to help projects achieve net-zero energy and decarbonization goals. \u003c/h4>\u003ch4 >\u003cstrong >\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>"},"type":"text","cl":"text p-_Js1xJSc"},{"key":"eLOnWA5UVbi","content":{"cont":{"tablet":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1657206618963,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":true,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"desktop":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1657206618963,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":true,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"mobile":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1657206618963,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":true,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}}}},"type":"w75y8u1c","cl":"w75y8u1c"},{"key":"eYM3XWZH0F-","content":{"text":"\u003cp >\u003cem >Image by Stefan Schweihofer from \u003c/em>\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://pixabay.com/photos/architecture-green-building-house-1992423/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem >Pixabay\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>"},"type":"text","actions":["eLOnWA5UVbi"],"cl":"text p-_Js1xJSc"},{"key":"eGYocR7vVm7","content":{"cont":{"tablet":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1608217389567,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":1,"delay":0.3,"once":true,"translateY":["6%","0"],"preset":"slide","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"desktop":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1608217389567,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":1,"delay":0.3,"once":true,"translateY":["6%","0"],"preset":"slide","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"mobile":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1608217389567,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":1,"delay":0.3,"once":true,"translateY":["6%","0"],"preset":"slide","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}}}},"type":"w75y8u1c","cl":"w75y8u1c"},{"key":"ejxcn5HWDNN","type":"section","actions":["eGYocR7vVm7"],"children":["evkuhshZmc4","e6XCMDKyIAn","eYM3XWZH0F-"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"eiWql3ShkZR","content":{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pKEO3CF_5i-"}},"type":"external-link","cl":"external-link"},{"key":"esyF5Wx0MmO","content":{"text":"\u003cdiv>\u003cp >Table Of Contents\u003c/p>\u003c/div>"},"type":"text","actions":["eiWql3ShkZR"],"cl":"text"},{"key":"er3abyYFziI","content":{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pQ_tSND9zxs"}},"type":"external-link","cl":"external-link"},{"key":"ehysJc5Z5XV","content":{"src":"4fH1Di577"},"type":"image","actions":["er3abyYFziI"],"cl":"image"},{"key":"eenlKvkjn0D","content":{"text":"\u003cp >July 2023\u003c/p>"},"type":"text","cl":"text"},{"key":"elRSIU27USk","type":"section","children":["esyF5Wx0MmO","ehysJc5Z5XV","eenlKvkjn0D"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"pUB8YKAggj5","children":["eF_G7QNfGBH","ek0Yo1QCse8","efHwqX0UCX_","eUUNXPRjm4V","evyPz-aMMtA","eqoI6yaZ_sa","eU7tlyxHy5d","e6U06MlX_WT","eaFokcMeAot","eoVP1YtiQBe","ezOOxFOz4pq","euconaJV6S4","eQ12bhbeom_","eEhZszwOA-C","eBiuE2BMrXf","e1IA1Pfjdci","e56N5SqpviH","e6QFHL6fO6i","ea5EiiSrqXB","e9AonUD_7t6","ejxcn5HWDNN","elRSIU27USk"]},{"key":"eRgA_lSpqfx","content":{"time":0.5},"type":"wdu2rjhi","cl":"wdu2rjhi"},{"key":"eDnkgmGFdd1","content":{"cont":{"tablet":{"params":{"HoverAnimation":{"duration":0.5,"delay":0,"background":{"a":0.17,"b":245,"r":224,"g":239},"preset":"bgColor","event":"bot","easing":"easeOutQuart"},"trigger":"Load","updated":1605886820624,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":3,"preset":"fadeIn","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuad"}}},"desktop":{"params":{"HoverAnimation":{"duration":0.5,"delay":0,"background":{"a":0.17,"b":245,"r":224,"g":239},"preset":"bgColor","event":"bot","easing":"easeOutQuart"},"trigger":"Load","updated":1605886820624,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":3,"preset":"fadeIn","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuad"}}},"mobile":{"params":{"HoverAnimation":{"duration":0.5,"delay":0,"background":{"a":0.17,"b":245,"r":224,"g":239},"preset":"bgColor","event":"bot","easing":"easeOutQuart"},"trigger":"Load","updated":1605886820624,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":3,"preset":"fadeIn","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuad"}}}}},"type":"w75y8u1c","cl":"w75y8u1c"},{"key":"e0IkELhoaN-","content":{"shapeId":"sp4g88JfB"},"type":"shape","actions":["eRgA_lSpqfx","eDnkgmGFdd1"],"cl":"shape"},{"key":"eaprDDsOtLk","content":{"cont":{"tablet":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1626382220593,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.3,"delay":2,"preset":"fadeIn","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuad"}}},"desktop":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1626382220593,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.3,"delay":2,"preset":"fadeIn","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuad"}}},"mobile":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1626382220593,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.3,"delay":2,"preset":"fadeIn","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuad"}}}}},"type":"w75y8u1c","cl":"w75y8u1c"},{"key":"eZeXC-wwvds","content":{"linkUrl":"","ioDetailID":null,"adCreative":null,"showElement":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"bucket":"cdn.vev.design","path":"private/pK53XiUzGnRFw1uPeFta7gdedx22/5NMtHY-S4k_Rotation-256.png.png","name":"Rotation-256.png","url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/pK53XiUzGnRFw1uPeFta7gdedx22/5NMtHY-S4k_Rotation-256.png.png"}},"name":"sponsored 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