\u003c/strong>\u003cem >The images for Figures 2-6 courtesy of WSP\u003c/em>\u003c/p>"},"type":"text","cl":"text"},{"key":"eVtji5DY3cB","type":"section","children":["ePk-fR5lALO","eJe9lXjBqCU","eJ-RKQjL5kJ"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"eaYP3nRQyNz","content":{"text":"\u003cp >On the other hand, overflow in a coil will result in a drop in the delta T (difference between the inlet and outlet water temperature to the coil). This is due to the lack of enough heat transfer in the coil due to the higher velocity of water than expected. With a drop in the delta T, the running cost of chillers and boilers will start to increase due to the direct impact on their efficiency of up to 15%. \u003c/p>"},"type":"text","cl":"text p-_Js1xJSc"},{"key":"eH1fHQ1uqGZ","type":"section","children":["eaYP3nRQyNz"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"e-7yB9rAr_j","content":{"cont":{"tablet":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1637072881410,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":0.4,"once":true,"translateX":["10%","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutExpo"}}},"desktop":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1637072881410,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":0.4,"once":true,"translateX":["10%","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutExpo"}}},"mobile":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1637072881410,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":0.4,"once":true,"translateX":["10%","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutExpo"}}}}},"type":"w75y8u1c","cl":"w75y8u1c"},{"key":"eYMQpyjGGXw","content":{"src":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82/private/KaxzywoIf0Rx41JdO6oEbX8EsUI3/image/NR6m0L5QYe.png","key":"NR6m0L5QYe","ratio":3.3846153846153846}},"type":"image","actions":["e-7yB9rAr_j"],"cl":"image"},{"key":"efdPnMyESdi","content":{"cont":{"tablet":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1612214680286,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":false,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"desktop":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1612214680286,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":false,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"mobile":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1612214680286,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":false,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}}}},"type":"w75y8u1c","cl":"w75y8u1c"},{"key":"eo4KLThEGVh","type":"rectangle","actions":["efdPnMyESdi"],"cl":"rectangle"},{"key":"eBam6hvJj8b","content":{"text":"\u003cp >\u003cstrong >FIGURE 3. A system with a proportional control valve and manual balancing valve (left) versus a system with a combined balancing and control valve adjustable (Cv) (right).\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>"},"type":"text","cl":"text"},{"key":"elg_ZOLQV14","type":"section","children":["eYMQpyjGGXw","eo4KLThEGVh","eBam6hvJj8b"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"e1s04luimzJ","content":{"text":"\u003cp >In addition to that, control valves are available in relatively large steps of Cv values following the Reynard series. There is typically a 60% increase in Cv from one to the next. Hence, anytime the exact same Cv for the circuit is not found, which is the majority of the case, control valves get 30%-50% oversized. The HVAC business still uses a lot of traditional control valves with fixed Cv values for proportional control on all terminal units, heat exchangers, production units, etc. The use of this type of control valve with fixed Cv in millions around the world bolsters the need for manual balancing on small to large terminal units.\u003c/p>\u003ch2 >Reverse Return Systems\u003c/h2>\u003cp >In the engineering industry, reverse return piping systems theoretically eliminate the need for balancing. Reverse return piping (often termed as self-balancing) architecture was invented by Albert Tichelmann (1861–1926). The problem with the oversized control valve explained before is not at all eliminated with a reverse return design. The reverse return system uses the idea of using the pipe pressure drops to equalize the available differential pressure to each terminal unit. In a rather uniform network design with the same flow rates, it’s somewhat achievable but not completely. If variable flow rates are needed, one needs to add balancing solutions to reverse return piping as well.\u003c/p>"},"type":"text","cl":"text p-_Js1xJSc"},{"key":"e41gC55r2Cw","type":"section","children":["e1s04luimzJ"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"eCwDPar83vT","content":{"cont":{"tablet":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1637072881410,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":0.4,"once":true,"translateX":["10%","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutExpo"}}},"desktop":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1637072881410,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":0.4,"once":true,"translateX":["10%","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutExpo"}}},"mobile":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1637072881410,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":0.4,"once":true,"translateX":["10%","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutExpo"}}}}},"type":"w75y8u1c","cl":"w75y8u1c"},{"key":"ekvyhcE6qSt","content":{"src":{"key":"BbnG8TJbnb","url":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82/private/KaxzywoIf0Rx41JdO6oEbX8EsUI3/image/BbnG8TJbnb.png","ratio":2.6639676113360324}},"type":"image","actions":["eCwDPar83vT"],"cl":"image"},{"key":"el745rSfF11","content":{"cont":{"tablet":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1612214680286,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":false,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"desktop":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1612214680286,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":false,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"mobile":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1612214680286,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":false,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}}}},"type":"w75y8u1c","cl":"w75y8u1c"},{"key":"el4l4xINixk","type":"rectangle","actions":["el745rSfF11"],"cl":"rectangle"},{"key":"eN-BEiNxYyI","content":{"text":"\u003cp >\u003cstrong >FIGURE 4. A reverse return piping system.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>"},"type":"text","cl":"text"},{"key":"eKdo9MpQ4qa","type":"section","children":["ekvyhcE6qSt","el4l4xINixk","eN-BEiNxYyI"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"e65y-5puHsy","content":{"text":"\u003cp >A hydronic balancing procedure is required in order to ensure the correct flow rates and pump optimization in the system for obtaining the desired comfort and pump energy savings of up to 35%. A drawback of reversed return is that no methodical balancing methods can be used in such a system. This is due to the inability to use the established proportional rule for balancing in a reverse return system.\u003c/p>\u003cp >Reducing the need for balancing by oversizing distribution pipes in reverse return piping will, by nature, reduce the level of pressure drop into manual balancing. However, it’s still not making manual balancing indispensable due to the oversizing of the control valves. Oversizing the piping is done in some areas of the world, like Scandinavia, Switzerland, etc., where pipe sizing is done with a maximum pipe pressure drop of 1 foot per 100 feet. Balancing is still required in those systems, and, thus, it does not eliminate the need for it. \u003c/p>\u003ch2 >Systems with High Pump Heads and Pressure Drop\u003c/h2>\u003cp >When proportional control valves are placed in systems with high levels of pressure drop in the piping network and/or high final pump head, manual balancing might not be the optimum solution as a balancing partner for proportional control valves. High available pressure in the system and low pressure drop across oversized control valves result in a low control valve authority, which determines how well a control valve can get to a set point despite the pressure fluctuations. \u003c/p>"},"type":"text","cl":"text p-_Js1xJSc"},{"key":"eQvZGSTbizO","type":"section","children":["e65y-5puHsy"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"eKjeRX0vMrj","content":{"cont":{"tablet":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1637072881410,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":0.4,"once":true,"translateX":["10%","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutExpo"}}},"desktop":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1637072881410,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":0.4,"once":true,"translateX":["10%","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutExpo"}}},"mobile":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1637072881410,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":0.4,"once":true,"translateX":["10%","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutExpo"}}}}},"type":"w75y8u1c","cl":"w75y8u1c"},{"key":"efUfYFItC00","content":{"src":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82/private/KaxzywoIf0Rx41JdO6oEbX8EsUI3/image/8XI1VHSlkC.png","key":"8XI1VHSlkC","ratio":10.571428571428571}},"type":"image","actions":["eKjeRX0vMrj"],"cl":"image"},{"key":"evriq_GTlNT","content":{"cont":{"tablet":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1612214680286,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":false,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"desktop":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1612214680286,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":false,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"mobile":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1612214680286,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":false,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}}}},"type":"w75y8u1c","cl":"w75y8u1c"},{"key":"e9z-TxmL2-Q","type":"rectangle","actions":["evriq_GTlNT"],"cl":"rectangle"},{"key":"ezYI537Ia72","type":"section","children":["efUfYFItC00","e9z-TxmL2-Q"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"e3IDFO2SOPS","content":{"text":"\u003cp >ASHRAE has defined acceptable control valve authority at 0.5 or higher for excellent control at design conditions, and a minimum authority of 0.25 or higher to ensure good control at partial load when all other control valves in the system are closed. Proportional control valves with control valve authority below 0.25 will be unstable and thus work as on-off controls. \u003c/p>"},"type":"text","cl":"text p-_Js1xJSc"},{"key":"eWVf61otEz0","type":"section","children":["e3IDFO2SOPS"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"egwBOj_mItr","content":{"cont":{"tablet":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1637072881410,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":0.4,"once":true,"translateX":["10%","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutExpo"}}},"desktop":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1637072881410,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":0.4,"once":true,"translateX":["10%","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutExpo"}}},"mobile":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1637072881410,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":0.4,"once":true,"translateX":["10%","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutExpo"}}}}},"type":"w75y8u1c","cl":"w75y8u1c"},{"key":"enFgXklJyvI","content":{"src":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82/private/KaxzywoIf0Rx41JdO6oEbX8EsUI3/image/9FQ5qKY3Pd.png","key":"9FQ5qKY3Pd","ratio":2.0361663652802893}},"type":"image","actions":["egwBOj_mItr"],"cl":"image"},{"key":"eZEm2_R-5xO","content":{"cont":{"tablet":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1612214680286,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":false,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"desktop":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1612214680286,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":false,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"mobile":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1612214680286,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":false,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}}}},"type":"w75y8u1c","cl":"w75y8u1c"},{"key":"eXecL5BYTAQ","type":"rectangle","actions":["eZEm2_R-5xO"],"cl":"rectangle"},{"key":"etcVhVllRV-","content":{"text":"\u003cp >\u003cstrong >FIGURE 5. Control valve characteristic distortion with differential pressure fluctuation.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>"},"type":"text","cl":"text"},{"key":"eSYYT7ePGQy","type":"section","children":["enFgXklJyvI","eXecL5BYTAQ","etcVhVllRV-"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"eM0uJGPO3UR","content":{"text":"\u003cp >In such a case, it's advantageous to utilize differential control to decouple the control valves away from the high-pressure drop components, like the main distribution piping.\u003c/p>\u003cp >Thus, a solution to all the issues that are highlighted above would be to provide a control valve solution with the ability to adjust the Cv value without affecting the equal percentage modified (EQM) characteristics and increase the control valve authority at the same time. \u003c/p>\u003ch2 >Differential Pressure Controllers\u003c/h2>\u003cp >One of the solutions to achieve better control valve authority is to use a pressure-independent balancing and control valve (PIBCV) on each terminal unit, which eliminates the need for any balancing valve and maintains the control authority of more than 0.7. However, for a building with hundreds of terminal units, this could be very expensive. Thus, designers typically use PIBCVs for main cooling and heating coils at the air-handling units. \u003c/p>\u003cp >Differential pressure controllers could be a better alternate in larger systems for terminal units. These controllers essentially control the available pressure at each of the control valves within the branches they're located, thereby increasing the control valve authority. Differential control can be performed by placing stand-alone differential pressure controllers in some strategic locations in the network. Such locations can be at the bottom of each riser or from each takeoff from the riser into each floor branch. The closer the differential pressure controller is placed to the proportional control valve the better controllability they will get. \u003c/p>"},"type":"text","cl":"text p-_Js1xJSc"},{"key":"epi4H1fbYqJ","type":"section","children":["eM0uJGPO3UR"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"emJulqS6WV4","content":{"cont":{"tablet":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1637072881410,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":0.4,"once":true,"translateX":["10%","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutExpo"}}},"desktop":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1637072881410,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":0.4,"once":true,"translateX":["10%","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutExpo"}}},"mobile":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1637072881410,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":0.4,"once":true,"translateX":["10%","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutExpo"}}}}},"type":"w75y8u1c","cl":"w75y8u1c"},{"key":"efdgv_D-nhK","content":{"src":{"key":"b7_h23TXgR","url":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82/private/KaxzywoIf0Rx41JdO6oEbX8EsUI3/image/b7_h23TXgR.png","ratio":1.410015649452269}},"type":"image","actions":["emJulqS6WV4"],"cl":"image"},{"key":"exA-NeY5mET","content":{"cont":{"tablet":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1612214680286,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":false,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"desktop":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1612214680286,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":false,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"mobile":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1612214680286,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":false,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}}}},"type":"w75y8u1c","cl":"w75y8u1c"},{"key":"ejysydkSAkj","type":"rectangle","actions":["exA-NeY5mET"],"cl":"rectangle"},{"key":"eLTvbCA7SBf","content":{"text":"\u003cp >\u003cstrong >FIGURE 6. A system with a differential pressure controller (left) versus PIBCV (right).\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>"},"type":"text","cl":"text"},{"key":"ebWaGwucaQH","type":"section","children":["efdgv_D-nhK","ejysydkSAkj","eLTvbCA7SBf"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"eAb9kAJzeGr","content":{"text":"\u003ch2 >Is Manual Balancing Enough or Is Differential Pressure Control Needed?\u003c/h2>\u003cp >It’s a rather simple judgment. If the pressure drop in selected control valves represents 25% or less of the pump head by using manual balancing, then some kind of differential pressure control is recommended. \u003c/p>\u003ch2 >Where to Place the Differential Pressure Controller? \u003c/h2>\u003cp >If the pressure drop in the selected control valves represents 25% or more of the stabilized differential pressure by placing the differential pressure controller at the beginning of each riser, the controllability will be of a satisfactory level. If not, the differential controller must be placed closer to the control valves, like at the beginning of each branch.\u003c/p>\u003cp >In some cases, it’s not even enough to place differential controllers on the branch level, in which case, PIBCV can be utilized on each individual terminal unit. \u003c/p>\u003ch2 >Is PIBCV with an Authority of 1.0 Available? \u003c/h2>\u003cp >Quick answer, it’s not possible to create a 100% efficient controller with a self-working differential controlled valve. One must know a differential pressure controller and the differential pressure control part of a PIBCV are proportional controllers. All proportional controllers do have a working range within which they can stabilize pressure from an open to a closed differential control valve. This range is very different from product to product.\u003c/p>\u003ch2 >Conclusion\u003c/h2>\u003cp >Is balancing still required with proportional control solutions? The answer to this is absolutely yes. However, various technologies are available, depending on the system design. Some strategic balancing design solutions for optimal balancing and control for various system designs are listed below: \u003c/p>\u003col >\u003cli >Strategy 1: Manual balancing valves, when Dp in the control valves are ≥ 25% of the pump head. This ensures minimum control valve authority will be ≥ 0.25 for good controllability. If authority can’t be achieved with this option, follow strategy 2. \u003c/li>\u003cli >Strategy 2: A differential pressure controller is placed on the beginning of the risers and a manual balancing valve on the terminal unit or circuit setters for a group of terminal units. When the Dp in the control valves is ensured to be ≥ 25% of the stabilized pressure, the minimum control valve authority (≥ 0.25) for good controllability can be achieved. If authority can’t be achieved with this option, follow strategy 3. \u003c/li>\u003cli >Strategy 3: A differential pressure controller is placed on the beginning of each branch and manual balancing on the terminal unit or circuit setters for a group of terminal units. When the Dp in control valves is ensured to be ≥ 25% of the stabilized pressure, the minimum control valve authority (≥ 0.25) for good controllability can be achieved.\u003c/li>\u003cli >Use a PIBCV on all individual terminal units. This will always ensure high authority and controllability. However, this solution can be a bit more costly in both investment and running costs on the pump due to the higher starting pressure of some PIBCV valves.\u003c/li>\u003c/ol>\u003cp >\u003cbr />Overall, the balancing of a hydronic system is important. It helps detect errors made in the piping network, like clogging, valves installed backward, etc. It's always cheaper to identify such issues in the early phases, before the building is occupied, to avoid additional costs and discomfort. In some critical cases, like hospitals or data centers, issues identified down the road may result in a system shutdown, which can cause much bigger concerns. Hence, balancing is not a cost but, rather, an investment in getting good controllability in proportional control valves leading to a high level of indoor comfort and energy efficiency.\u003c/p>"},"type":"text","cl":"text p-_Js1xJSc"},{"key":"eBeT9SVM6it","type":"section","children":["eAb9kAJzeGr"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"eIRkMQjaNO4","content":{"src":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82/private/KaxzywoIf0Rx41JdO6oEbX8EsUI3/image/gWhBY67afd.jpg","key":"gWhBY67afd","ratio":1.049140049140049}},"type":"image","cl":"image"},{"key":"eGnayedlPOe","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >\u003cstrong >Amit Bhansali, P.E., PMP, CEM, BEMP\u003cbr />\u003c/strong>Amit Bhansali is a senior vice president and health care practice leader with WSP USA, one of the nation's largest engineering and infrastructure firms. He is a licensed professional engineer with 13 years of experience in the design of HVAC systems with focus on health care facilities. He has designed and managed health care projects ranging from renovations in existing facilities to greenfield inpatient hospitals. He is also a voting member for ASHRAE SSPC 170, “Ventilation of Health Care Facilities,” and voting member for ASHRAE Technical Committee 9.6 Health Care Facilities. Amit holds a master’s degree in mechanical engineering with a building science focus from Oklahoma State University. Contact him at \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"mailto:amit.bhansali@wsp.com\">amit.bhansali@wsp.com\u003c/a>. \u003c/h4>"},"type":"text","cl":"text p-_Js1xJSc"},{"key":"e19il85CunH","content":{"cont":{"tablet":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1608217389567,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":1,"delay":0.3,"once":true,"translateY":["6%","0"],"preset":"slide","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"desktop":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1608217389567,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":1,"delay":0.3,"once":true,"translateY":["6%","0"],"preset":"slide","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"mobile":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1608217389567,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":1,"delay":0.3,"once":true,"translateY":["6%","0"],"preset":"slide","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}}}},"type":"w75y8u1c","cl":"w75y8u1c"},{"key":"eLo3ZNWeBD4","type":"section","actions":["e19il85CunH"],"children":["eIRkMQjaNO4","eGnayedlPOe"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"eGZ-Ftu4HDK","content":{"src":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82/private/KaxzywoIf0Rx41JdO6oEbX8EsUI3/image/j1hXS3ubKq.jpg","key":"j1hXS3ubKq","ratio":0.7004341534008683}},"type":"image","cl":"image"},{"key":"eF_JGUY8mKo","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >\u003cstrong >Luciano Belo, P.E.\u003cbr />\u003c/strong>Luciano Belo is head of sales for IMI Hydronic Engineering Inc. He joined IMI Hydronic Engineering in 2009. For the last 13 years, he supported America’s engineering in the design of HVAC plants and assisted contractors and commissioning companies in installation, balancing, and troubleshooting large installations. A member of ASHRAE, Luciano has done several presentations in Latin America and regularly presents to audiences in U.S. He is a graduate of the University Center of FEI, Brazil, with bachelor’s in mechanical engineering. He holds a specialization in HVAC at Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Association (SMACNA).\u003c/h4>"},"type":"text","cl":"text p-_Js1xJSc"},{"key":"e9sTla6b9be","content":{"cont":{"tablet":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1657206618963,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":true,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"desktop":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1657206618963,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":true,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"mobile":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1657206618963,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":true,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}}}},"type":"w75y8u1c","cl":"w75y8u1c"},{"key":"eVB7rSjJL37","content":{"text":"\u003cp >\u003cem >Image by No-longer-here from Pixabay \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003cp 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