\u003c/em>\u003cem >Risk mitigation\u003c/em> — Due to the higher A2L refrigerant charges on m2 and m3 systems, safety mitigation measures and installment room characteristics must also be considered, including: \u003c/p>\u003cul >\u003cli >Leak detection — Considered a best practice in A1 HFC systems, leak detection sensors and/or devices are now required for m2 and m3 systems. They should be installed near case evaporators, enclosed/occupied walk-ins and at the condensing unit.\u003c/li>\u003cli >Room area — The room area of the refrigerated and/or occupied space (e.g., walk-in cooler) is a key consideration of safety mitigation. Air ventilation and circulation are among the safety mitigation measures that may be required. \u003c/li>\u003cli >Releasable charge — This refers to the portion of the system refrigerant charge that can be released into a refrigerated and/or occupied space upon detection of a leak.\u003c/li>\u003cli >Safety shut-off valves (SSOVs) — Also referred to as isolation (ISO) valves, SSOVs are installed on both the liquid and suction lines outside the refrigerated case to regulate the amount of releasable charge. SSOVs are configured and/or connected to the leak detector/sensor and/or case controller to trigger shut-off at 25 percent of the refrigerant’s LFL — at which point, the system will automatically shut down to ensure safety. For early detection and additional safety, leak detection alerts can be triggered upon detection of 5 percent of LFL.\u003c/li>\u003c/ul>"},"type":"text","cl":"text p-_Js1xJSc"},{"key":"eatjjKbVtM8","type":"section","children":["eXst1WyoZP-"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"e1dtKhO4PGG","content":{"cont":{"tablet":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1637072881410,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":0.4,"once":true,"translateX":["10%","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutExpo"}}},"desktop":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1637072881410,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":0.4,"once":true,"translateX":["10%","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutExpo"}}},"mobile":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1637072881410,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":0.4,"once":true,"translateX":["10%","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutExpo"}}}}},"type":"w75y8u1c","cl":"w75y8u1c"},{"key":"eal0AeWlqjk","content":{"src":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82/private/KaxzywoIf0Rx41JdO6oEbX8EsUI3/image/-4SzMuZWVO.png","key":"-4SzMuZWVO","ratio":1.027906976744186}},"type":"image","actions":["e1dtKhO4PGG"],"cl":"image"},{"key":"eCSuLuo3BOz","content":{"cont":{"tablet":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1612214680286,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":false,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"desktop":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1612214680286,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":false,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"mobile":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1612214680286,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":false,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}}}},"type":"w75y8u1c","cl":"w75y8u1c"},{"key":"eKn3gok_XCT","type":"rectangle","actions":["eCSuLuo3BOz"],"cl":"rectangle"},{"key":"eO5CCGMAHDw","content":{"text":"\u003cp >\u003cstrong >FIGURE 1: caption and image coming.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cem >Summers images courtesy of Copeland\u003c/em>\u003c/p>"},"type":"text","cl":"text"},{"key":"eJ9droJUDMb","type":"section","children":["eal0AeWlqjk","eKn3gok_XCT","eO5CCGMAHDw"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"e5zS03-EZXJ","content":{"text":"\u003ch2 >A2L servicing best practices\u003c/h2>\u003cp >Because each A2L refrigerant has a unique LFL rating, the first step in A2L servicing best practices is to identify which A2L refrigerant is being used. Look for refrigerant labels on the system and red markings on all service fittings; and clearly mark fittings for future servicing. Use only A2L-certified gauges, vacuum pumps, and leak detection and refrigerant recovery machines. \u003c/p>\u003cp >Servicing A2Ls requires three steps that are already considered industry-accepted best practices: evacuate, purge and test for leaks. If possible, try to work in a well-ventilated area and deploy a continuous leak monitoring and detection system. \u003c/p>\u003cp >Braze all connections before embarking on higher-risk activities and be aware of your servicing space, including the presence of other people or potential hazards. For the most part, typical A1 system best practices are required on A2L systems.\u003c/p>","children":[]},"type":"text","cl":"text p-_Js1xJSc"},{"key":"ecVZG8j0nxy","content":{"children":[]},"type":"section","children":["e5zS03-EZXJ"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"e0agRINVQoV","content":{"children":[],"cont":{"tablet":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1637072881410,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":0.4,"once":true,"translateX":["10%","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutExpo"}}},"desktop":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1637072881410,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":0.4,"once":true,"translateX":["10%","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutExpo"}}},"mobile":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1637072881410,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.9,"delay":0.4,"once":true,"translateX":["10%","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutExpo"}}}}},"type":"w75y8u1c","cl":"w75y8u1c"},{"key":"eLYuh_vIJpw","content":{"src":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82/private/KaxzywoIf0Rx41JdO6oEbX8EsUI3/image/Kq5ZIayW7k.jpg","key":"Kq5ZIayW7k","ratio":1.6610824742268042},"children":[]},"type":"image","actions":["e0agRINVQoV"],"cl":"image"},{"key":"eCHnJmVzCrh","content":{"children":[],"cont":{"tablet":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1612214680286,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":false,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"desktop":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1612214680286,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":false,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"mobile":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1612214680286,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":false,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}}}},"type":"w75y8u1c","cl":"w75y8u1c"},{"key":"eztfD283pmM","content":{"children":[]},"type":"rectangle","actions":["eCHnJmVzCrh"],"cl":"rectangle"},{"key":"eGqijSepCFs","content":{"text":"\u003cp >\u003cstrong >FIGURE 2: This table shows the repair steps for A1 and A2L systems.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cem >Summers images courtesy of Copeland\u003c/em>\u003c/p>","children":[]},"type":"text","cl":"text"},{"key":"ehwVmHsaRKV","content":{"children":[]},"type":"section","children":["eLYuh_vIJpw","eztfD283pmM","eGqijSepCFs"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"ex1J3eOVuHo","content":{"text":"\u003cp >Note: it’s important to use only A2L-qualified components and controls, and only charge systems according to their designed charge limits.\u003c/p>\u003ch2 >CO\u003csub >2\u003c/sub> characteristics and considerations\u003c/h2>\u003cp >Compared to traditional HFC-based systems, CO\u003csub >2\u003c/sub> (R-744) has unique characteristics that introduce servicing considerations for technicians. Its high system pressures, low critical point and high triple point impact refrigerant storage, system charging and other key servicing requirements.\u003c/p>\u003cp >Proper storage of CO\u003csub >2\u003c/sub> tanks can be a new area of concern for technicians and/or contractors unfamiliar with CO2 systems. Because CO\u003csub >2\u003c/sub> tanks are designed to handle its high pressures, they weigh significantly more than standard HFC tanks — potentially up to nearly 200 lbs. A full charge of a 2,000-lb. system may require 40 cylinders weighing 8,000 lbs. (i.e., 4 tons). \u003c/p>\u003cp >Because of this weight consideration, technicians need to plan for storing the reserve refrigerant and be aware that storing high quantities of CO\u003csub >2\u003c/sub> will affect building codes. For example, if it is stored on a retailer’s mezzanine, the structure must be capable of handling the total storage weight.\u003c/p>\u003cp >System charging is an especially important consideration with CO\u003csub >2\u003c/sub> systems, primarily because liquid R-744 will turn to dry ice if a system is at the triple point pressure of 60.4 psig. To avoid this occurrence, technicians must charge with vapor until system pressures exceed the triple point pressure — typically beyond 100 lbs. psig — and then finish charging with liquid.\u003c/p>\u003cp >CO\u003csub >2\u003c/sub>’s coefficient of expansion (COE) is higher than a typical HFC refrigerant, which can cause pressure to rise rapidly when liquid refrigerant gets trapped in between two valves. Pressure can increase 145 psig for every 1.8 °F increase in temperature. Many systems are fitted with appropriate pressure-relief valves at the location of the trapped liquid to prevent pressure rise and assist with system servicing.\u003c/p>\u003cp >Leak detection is also an important consideration for maximizing the performance and safety of CO\u003csub >2\u003c/sub> systems. R-744 is colorless, odorless and heavier than air — and can be potentially toxic in high concentrations. Leak detectors should be mounted 18 inches off the ground and below the breathing level. Early detection can prevent CO\u003csub >2\u003c/sub> system performance issues and protect food quality.\u003c/p>"},"type":"text","cl":"text p-_Js1xJSc"},{"key":"eJjcu77XKEs","type":"section","children":["ex1J3eOVuHo"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"e8RcWOB-7eG","content":{"src":{"url":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,h=1920/private/KaxzywoIf0Rx41JdO6oEbX8EsUI3/image/t3v_4sApo2.jpg","key":"t3v_4sApo2","ratio":0.9125952487673689}},"type":"image","cl":"image"},{"key":"e02qhZDT-ln","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >Working in collaboration with many of the highly skilled engineers at Copeland, Joe Summers leads new product development activities as the senior product manager for scroll and drives. In his role, he and his team develop variable speed compressors, variable frequency drives and low-power electronics focused on the cold chain. \u003c/h4>\u003ch4 >Joe has worked in the electro-mechanical engineering industry for over a decade. \u003c/h4>\u003ch4 >He earned a degree in electronics technology from Upper Valley Career Center, a bachelor’s degree from University of Toledo, and an MBA from the University of Dayton. \u003c/h4>"},"type":"text","cl":"text p-_Js1xJSc"},{"key":"eP0Y_upzqQl","content":{"cont":{"tablet":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1608217389567,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":1,"delay":0.3,"once":true,"translateY":["6%","0"],"preset":"slide","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"desktop":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1608217389567,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":1,"delay":0.3,"once":true,"translateY":["6%","0"],"preset":"slide","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"mobile":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1608217389567,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":1,"delay":0.3,"once":true,"translateY":["6%","0"],"preset":"slide","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}}}},"type":"w75y8u1c","cl":"w75y8u1c"},{"key":"emDsZkwlL4x","type":"section","actions":["eP0Y_upzqQl"],"children":["e8RcWOB-7eG","e02qhZDT-ln"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"eL02bQ6udsv","content":{"children":[]},"type":"rectangle","cl":"rectangle"},{"key":"ejHv3JEvp0_","content":{"src":{"key":"a5m4kgr00Y","url":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82,w=1920/private/KaxzywoIf0Rx41JdO6oEbX8EsUI3/image/a5m4kgr00Y.jpg","ratio":1.4124914207275223},"children":[]},"type":"image","cl":"image"},{"key":"efAG4QVyPri","content":{"shapeId":"Jpv2FZDbz2","children":[]},"type":"shape","cl":"shape"},{"key":"erzX692ZLvJ","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >Coming up next ...\u003c/h4>\u003ch2 >\u003cstrong >HVAC master plan road map\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>","children":[]},"type":"text","cl":"text pnyIbvpAvt"},{"key":"e56GUIV46Js","content":{"children":[],"link":{"mode":0,"page":"p00ApCIdlnk"}},"type":"external-link","cl":"external-link"},{"key":"e5AO4AFpoa-","content":{"children":[]},"type":"frame","actions":["e56GUIV46Js"],"children":["eL02bQ6udsv","ejHv3JEvp0_","efAG4QVyPri","erzX692ZLvJ"],"cl":"frame"},{"key":"ekyCvlUl_ny","content":{"children":[]},"type":"section","children":["e5AO4AFpoa-"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"ePNFV1A9_mB","content":{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pKEO3CF_5i-"}},"type":"external-link","cl":"external-link"},{"key":"e-FbHDXUbgO","content":{"text":"\u003cdiv>\u003cp >Table Of Contents\u003c/p>\u003c/div>"},"type":"text","actions":["ePNFV1A9_mB"],"cl":"text"},{"key":"es9Hwod_oVZ","content":{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pQ_tSND9zxs"}},"type":"external-link","cl":"external-link"},{"key":"eGy8sELPTBi","content":{"src":"4fH1Di577"},"type":"image","actions":["es9Hwod_oVZ"],"cl":"image"},{"key":"ezjfP9cKmZH","content":{"text":"\u003cp >November 2023\u003c/p>"},"type":"text","cl":"text"},{"key":"eRnLyp9V3Y_","content":{"children":[],"cont":{"tablet":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1657206618963,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":true,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"desktop":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1657206618963,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":true,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"mobile":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1657206618963,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":0.6,"delay":0.7,"once":true,"translateX":["-30px","0"],"preset":"slideInLeft","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}}}},"type":"w75y8u1c","cl":"w75y8u1c"},{"key":"ezV98PFd9XM","content":{"text":"\u003cp >\u003cem >[Dragos Condrea]/[iStock / Getty Images Plus] via \u003c/em>\u003ca rel=\"noopener external\" href=\"https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo/technician-looking-for-refrigerant-leaks-royalty-free-image/1500244733?phrase=Servicing+commercial+Refrigerants&adppopup=true\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem >Getty Images\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>","children":[]},"type":"text","actions":["eRnLyp9V3Y_"],"cl":"text p-_Js1xJSc"},{"key":"evJ68TEr3vD","type":"section","children":["e-FbHDXUbgO","eGy8sELPTBi","ezjfP9cKmZH","ezV98PFd9XM"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"peJ99HFlWS-","content":{"link":{"mode":1,"widget":{"image":{"type":2,"value":{"bucket":"cdn.vev.design","path":"private/dk3UctceTPWKJtA1g8n4EFqTvuo2/sMCfp44b_view_array-24px.svg.svg","name":"view_array-24px.svg","url":"https://cdn.vev.design/private/dk3UctceTPWKJtA1g8n4EFqTvuo2/sMCfp44b_view_array-24px.svg.svg"}},"name":"BIOS Bottom","page":"peJ99HFlWS-","pageName":"Feature 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